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Piece 1 - The active zone


Where is the aquifer?


How deep does a basement aquifer really extend?

Crystalline-rock aquifers are not uniformly permeable with depth. Field observations show that groundwater circulation is concentrated within a relatively shallow hydrogeologically active zone, where fractures are more abundant and hydraulically conductive.

Investigations at the Maheshwaram and Maddur experimental sites in southern India showed that fracture density and hydraulic productivity decrease markedly with depth. At Maheshwaram, most hydraulically active structures occur within the upper 30 m, while fracture density becomes very low below about 40 m.


Back to the crystalline puzzle

Key findings

1. A shallow active zone controls groundwater circulation. Most productive fractures occur within the upper part of the weathered/fractured profile.

2. The upper fractured zone is particularly conductive. At Maheshwaram, the uppermost part of the fractured layer contains a high density of hydraulically conductive fractures.

3. Pumping tests can help determine the aquifer thickness. Multiple pumping tests developed at Maddur provided an estimate of the hydraulic bottom of the aquifer at about 27 m, consistent with geophysical observations.

4. The geological history controls aquifer geometry. The weathering profile can result from several successive phases of weathering and erosion. At Maheshwaram, this produced a stratified profile consisting of regolith, laminated saprolite and a fractured layer.

The transmissive part of a basement aquifer is generally concentrated within a shallow, highly fractured zone rather than extending uniformly to great depths.

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My message as Associated Editor to Hydrogeology Journal

Deep drilling of borewells to hundreds of meters – depth is increasingly frequent for water exploration in fractured crystalline rocks. At the same time, many studies provide evidence that hard-rocks areas are characterized by a shallow higher-permeability zone (‘‘active’’ zone) that overlies a deeper lower-permeability zone hosting little flow (‘‘inactive’’ zone). Consequently, the yields of borewells decrease dramatically with depth. This gap between hydrogeological practice and science can be explained by a well-known behaviour in psychological sciences. The escalation of commitment consists in justifying increased investment in a decision, based on the cumulative prior investment, despite new evidence suggesting that the decision was probably wrong. This behaviour leads to the sunk cost fallacy of deep drilling: drilling a borehole to unreasonable depth in the hope of recovering the money wasted to drill the first dry meters. As water experts, we should contribute to end this irrational trend of wells deepening in hard-rocks. 

Key publications



Determining the vertical evolution of hydrodynamic parameters in weathered and fractured south Indian crystalline-rock aquifers: insights from a study on an instrumented site


Alexandre Boisson, Nicolas Guihéneuf, Jérôme Perrin, Olivier Bour, Benoit Dewandel, Amélie Dausse, Mathieu Viossanges, Shakeel Ahmed, Jean-Christophe Maréchal

Hydrogeology Journal, vol. 23, 2015 Jun, pp. 757--773




Estimating aquifer thickness using multiple pumping tests


Jean-Christophe Maréchal, Jean-Michel Vouillamoz, M S Mohan Kumar, Benoit Dewandel

Hydrogeology Journal, vol. 18, 2010, pp. 1787--1796




Editor's message: the sunk cost fallacy of deep drilling


Jean-Christophe Maréchal

Hydrogeology Journal, vol. 18, 2010 Mar, pp. 287--289

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